Abstract
Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are well-established composites applied on commercial, laboratory, and even industrial scales, including pottery for decoration, glass–ceramics-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs), commercial cooking utensils, high-temperature laboratory instruments, industrial catalytic reactors, and engine turbine blades. Despite the extensive applications of CMCs, researchers had to deal with their brittleness, low electrical conductivity, and low thermal properties. The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as reinforcement is an effective and efficient method to tailor the ceramic structure at the nanoscale, which provides considerable practicability in the fabrication of highly functional CMC materials. This article provides a comprehensive review of CNTs-reinforced CMC materials (CNTs-CMCs). We critically examined the notable challenges during the synthesis of CNTs-CMCs. Five CNT dispersion processes were elucidated with a comparative study of the established research for the homogeneity distribution in the CMCs and the enhanced properties. We also discussed the effect of densification techniques on the properties of CNTs-CMCs. Additionally, we synopsized the outstanding microstructural and functional properties of CNTs in the CNTs-CMCs, namely stimulated ceramic crystallization, high thermal conductivity, bandgap reduction, and improved mechanical toughness. We also addressed the fundamental insights for the future technological maturation and advancement of CNTs-CMCs.
Highlights
Ceramic materials are well known for their corrosion resistance, chemical inertness, high strength, and high thermal stability, which makes these materials suited for applications involving harsh environmental conditions or high-temperature exposure
Sol–gel processing techniques are effective for fabricating carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) with a homogenous CNT dispersion and a uniform size distribution of ceramic crystals
In situ synthesis is the attempt for CNTs-CMCs to grow CNTs on the ceramic matrix directly, and it is widely performed through chemical vapour deposition (CVD)
Summary
Ceramic materials are well known for their corrosion resistance, chemical inertness, high strength, and high thermal stability, which makes these materials suited for applications involving harsh environmental conditions or high-temperature exposure. The reported HDA-g-SWCNTs exhibited a higher electrical conductivity, phase-transition enthalpy, and crystallization enthalpy, but a lower thermal conductivity, than those of HDA-g-MWCNTs. The nature of CNTs can be crystalline, amorphous, and a mixed state, which depends on the fabrication technique. CNTs with such excellent properties are rarely introduced as domains in bulk components; instead, they mostly act as fillers in glass [26], ceramic [27], metal [28], polymer [29] and alloy [30] composites This is due to the high synthesis cost, the intrinsic toxicity, and the underperformed properties of neat CNTs. The high synthesis cost is a well-known factor causing the CNTs to barely act as a domain structure. MWCNTs thylsilsesquioxane polymer-derived ceramic composites, PMS(Fe), containing 3% of improved by
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