Recent Developments In Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems via Intranasal Route

Abstract

Diseases of the human nervous system such as neurological infections, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and other neurodegenerative diseases are severe pathological diseases and become a public health problem. Neurological disease in its treatment requires a drug distribution mechanism to reach the brain in sufficient quantities so that therapeutic effectiveness is achieved. This is very difficult to achieve with conventional treatment methods such as oral and injection because there are several obstacles in the process of drug distribution, one of which is an obstacle in the form of a Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). Along with current therapeutic developments, drug delivery modifications in the pharmaceutical field are increasingly being developed for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The intranasal drug delivery system to the brain via the nose is very interesting because this route can deliver drugs directly to the brain via the BBB. The intranasal route is preferred in brain targeting. This is due to the ability of the intranasal route to directly deliver drugs through the neural pathways, namely the olfactory nerve and the trigeminal nerve. By distributing the drug via the intranasal route, the drug will pass through the BBB and not undergo metabolism in the liver (first-pass metabolism), where this condition is a barrier that significantly inhibits the peripheral transport of drugs to the brain. There are several things that influence intranasal drug delivery, including parameters that affect intranasal drug administration, drug administration pathways, and mechanisms from the nose to the brain. An in vitro system that can be used to determine the permeability of drugs by means of nano and microparticles through olfactory mucosa cells. Positive results from in vitro experiments on rat test animals indicate that intranasal drug distribution guarantees the effectiveness of nanoparticle formulations in drug therapy. Seeing the big influence on the effectiveness of treatment methods in neurological diseases that must pass through the barrier in the form of the BBB, it is necessary to have further studies related to developing drug delivery via the intranasal route.