Abstract
Recent research demonstrates that the number of virulent phytopathogenic fungi continually grows, which leads to significant economic losses worldwide. Various procedures are currently available for the rapid detection and control of phytopathogenic fungi. Since 1940, chemical and synthetic fungicides were typically used to control phytopathogenic fungi. However, the substantial increase in development of fungal resistance to these fungicides in addition to negative effects caused by synthetic fungicides on the health of animals, human beings, and the environment results in the exploration of various new approaches and green strategies of fungal control by scientists from all over the world. In this review, the development of new approaches for controlling fungal diseases in plants is discussed. We argue that an effort should be made to bring these recent technologies to the farmer level.
Highlights
The vast majority of known fungal species are strict saprophytes; only very few species can colonize plants
These safe and effective alternative control means against plant fungal diseases include biological control of phytopathogenic fungi [7], microbial fungicides [7,8], botanical fungicides [9], agronanotechnology [10,11], and fungal cell deactivation and evacuation using ghost techniques [12]
We reviewed biocontrol, biofungicides, microbial fungicides, botanical fungicides, agronanotechnology, and fungal cell deactivation and evacuation using ghost techniques that represent recent, safe, and effective alternative control means against plant fungal diseases that have been reported in the scientific literature but have not yet been properly introduced to farmers
Summary
The vast majority of known fungal species are strict saprophytes; only very few species (less than 10% of identified fungi) can colonize plants. Development of healthy, non-toxic, and eco-friendly alternate approaches (green strategies of fungal control) to chemical and synthetic fungicides is very helpful in the control of plant fungal infections [3,4,5,6] These safe and effective alternative control means against plant fungal diseases include biological control of phytopathogenic fungi [7], microbial fungicides [7,8], botanical fungicides [9], agronanotechnology [10,11], and fungal cell deactivation and evacuation using ghost techniques [12]. Blok et al (2000) [13] reported the control of soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani) by integrating fresh organic matter such as cabbage or ryegrass in soil followed by plastic tarping These methods represent promising substitutes for banned methyl bromide disinfection, which harms the human respiratory and central nervous. They used Brassica juncea as fresh and dry plants, methanol extract, or seed powder and meal [16]
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