Abstract
We reviewed the research and developments in the field of fatigue failure, focusing on very-high cycle fatigue (VHCF) of metals, alloys, and steels. We also discussed ultrasonic fatigue testing, historical relevance, major testing principles, and equipment. The VHCF behavior of Al, Mg, Ni, Ti, and various types of steels were analyzed. Furthermore, we highlighted the major defects, crack initiation sites, fatigue models, and simulation studies to understand the crack development in VHCF regimes. Finally, we reviewed the details regarding various issues and challenges in the field of VHCF for engineering metals and identified future directions in this area.
Highlights
Each beach pattern indicates a period during which the crack growth occurs, while the striation that appeared in the fatigue fractography are microscopic features and can only be seen with electron marks that appeared the fatigueoffractography are within microscopic features andThe can presence only be seen with microscopy
The decrease in strength can be up to 50–300 MPa; it includes most of the high strength steels, We will review these two classes of materials (Type 1 and Type 2) and most heterogeneous materials containing inclusions, pores, and a second phase that acts as a crack including the advanced high-entropy alloys (HEAs), briefly, and shed light on the S-N diagram as initiation site
Owing to the developments in high-strength materials, it has become necessary to study the fatigue of these materials beyond the regular load cycle regime
Summary
Preliminary observations were recorded at the beginning of the 19th century during the industrial revolution in Europe. In 1837, he reported a relation between cyclic load and lifespan of metal in a magazine Following this observation, a cast-iron axle designer, J.V. Poncelet, used the term “fatigare” and F. Rankine from British railways, a brittle fracture in the axle was confirmed [2] Following this observation, some pioneering work performed by August Wöhler on the failure of locomotive axles built the foundation of fatigue understanding. Krupp axle steel data with respect to stress (S) and number of cycles to failure (N). This plot was later named the S-N diagram [5,6]. Recent decades, fatigue by behavior of materials in VHCF regime has increased.
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