Abstract
Vertical bone augmentation is aimed at regenerating bone extraskeletally (outside the skeletal envelope) in order to increase bone height. It is generally required in the case of moderate to severe atrophy of bone in the oral cavity due to tooth loss, trauma, or surgical resection. Currently utilized surgical techniques, such as autologous bone blocks, distraction osteogenesis, and Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR), have various limitations, including morbidity, compromised dimensional stability due to suboptimal resorption rates, poor structural integrity, challenging handling properties, and/or high failure rates. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) facilitates the creation of highly porous, interconnected 3-dimensional scaffolds that promote vascularization and subsequent osteogenesis, while providing excellent handling and space maintaining properties. This review describes and critically assesses the recent progress in additive manufacturing technologies for scaffold, membrane or mesh fabrication directed at vertical bone augmentation and Guided Bone Regeneration and their in vivo application.
Highlights
Bone resorption is a phenomenon characterized by the volumetric reduction in viable bone tissue
Several existing techniques aimed at vertical bone augmentation, such as autologous block grafts, distraction osteogenesis, and guided bone regeneration combined with particulate grafts (GBR), have shown varying levels of success and are generally considered to be technique sensitive and clinically unpredictable (Urban et al, 2019)
This study demonstrated the ability of 3D-powder printed bio-ceramics to be accurately manufactured for a specific defect, which is a challenge for 3D printed bioceramics due to the significant dimensional changes occurring during the essential sintering process
Summary
Bone resorption is a phenomenon characterized by the volumetric reduction in viable bone tissue. Bone Augmentation Using Additive Manufacturing technology has been recently shown to have considerable potential to advance the field of vertical bone augmentation (Moussa et al, 2015; Carrel et al, 2016a; Carrel et al, 2016b; Sudheesh Kumar et al, 2018; Vaquette et al, 2021). Advancements in bioceramic and polymer additive manufacturing techniques have paved the way for exploration into novel techniques in vertical bone tissue regeneration (Moussa et al, 2015; Carrel et al, 2016a; Carrel et al, 2016b; Ngo et al, 2018; Sudheesh Kumar et al, 2018; Vaquette et al, 2021). This review will briefly describe the various methods of 3Dprinting for the manufacturing of 3D scaffolds (bioceramic and/ or polymer), membranes, and patient matched metal meshes and critically analyze the most recent studies utilizing additive manufacturing technologies for the purpose of alveolar vertical bone augmentation
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