Abstract
A parameterized model for topside profile was developed based on the Epstein function approximation. Using the Intercosmos-19 database, model parameters were obtained for different geophysical conditions, including strong-magnetic storms. In some specific conditions the F3 layer was observed on topside ionograms. A physical explanation is proposed as well as results based on modeling approach. Topside ionograms from the sounder on MIR Space Station were studied. Some exotic cases are presented including oblique propagation, station position under the peak height etc. Peak height global distribution is described as well as neutral wind parameters derived from the topside peak height values.
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