Recent advances in the structure and biomedical applications of nanodiamonds and their future perspectives

Abstract

Nanodiamond (ND) is becoming the core center of interest for many researchers due to its immense utilization in different fields of science. The extraordinarily unique attributes provided by NDs include biocompatibility, easy production, chemical inertness, rich surface chemistry, small size, and fluorescence resistance. In biomedical sciences, all these characteristics uplift the standards of ND particles. Recent studies on the biomedical side have been found to strengthen its significance ever since ND tested positive for utilization in diagnostics and drug delivery. In addition, NDs have been proven beneficial in the manufacturing of biodegradable surgical instruments, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and drugs to eliminate resistant microbes and viruses. Genetic materials are also delivered to the center of the nucleus with the aid of ND particles. In this review, we have discussed in detail all the benefits of NDs, their applications in sensors, ND-blood interactions, blood-contacting, orthopedics, anti-cancer agents, antimicrobial agents, and drug/gene delivery. The importance and significance of the purification, synthesis, processing, and surface functionalization of NDs have been discussed. Recent advances in modern technologies in the field of biomedical and biological sciences also have been covered in this manuscript.