Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes provide high sensitivity toward real-time detection & tracking of analytes including biologically important proteins or peptides. They have been reliable sources for understanding many biological functions without causing any significant cytotoxicity in living organisms. Most of these probes are soluble in biological medium and thus effortlessly cross the cell membrane. Currently, bioimaging has emerged as an excellent tool for early-stage detection and prevention of several diseases in a non-invasive way. In this regard, small-molecule probes achieved extreme importance in the field of bioimaging. The general skeleton of a small molecule fluorescent probe carries a fluorophore core and a recognizing unit. The most affordable fluorophore moieties known to us so far are rhodamine, coumarin, fluorescein, cyanine, resorufin, BODIPY, quinoline, and pyrene. However, a few less widespread organic skeletons are also available such as salicylaldehyde and its derivatives which have been used as primary fluorophores for many years. Yet, they have not been highlighted enough by scientists so far. Herein, we have discussed almost 150 salicylaldehyde derivatives including substituted salicylaldehyde, their imines, and hydrazones as fluorescent probes for sensing, bio-imaging, and in vivo applications. These probes are easy to synthesize and remain stable for a long time. Additionally, the emission intensity of these probes could be tuned easily according to the requirements. Finally, we have discussed future perspectives, design, modification, and potential applications of these fluorescent probes in relevant areas.
Published Version
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