Abstract
Monomodal cancer therapies are often unsatisfactory, leading to suboptimal treatment effects that result in either an inability to stop growth and metastasis or prevent relapse. Thus, synergistic strategies that combine different therapeutic modalities to improve performance have become the new research trend. In this regard, the integration of photothermal therapy (PTT) with chemodynamic therapy (CDT), especially PTT/CDT in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biowindow, has been demonstrated to be a highly efficient and relatively safe concept. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles can be designed from specific elements, such as Fe, that are equipped with both PTT and CDT therapeutic functions. In this review, we provide an update on the recent advances in Fe-based nanoplatforms for combined PTT/CDT. The perspectives on further improvement of the curative efficiency are described, highlighting the important scientific obstacles that require resolution in order to reach greater heights of clinical success. We hope this review will inspire the interest of researchers in developing novel Fe-based nanomedicines for multifunctional theranostics.
Highlights
Cancer is one of the most lethal killers and threatens the life of human beings all around the world [1,2,3,4]
chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has the potential to be more superior in its approach to treating cancer than current clinical methods because of the following merits: (1) tumor selectivity and weak side effects, (2) no need for external stimuli, (3) tumor microenvironment (TME) modulation and (4) low treatment cost [16,17]
Researchers have looked toward developing superlative NIR-II photothermal agents (PTAs) from nanomaterials that are both inorganic and organic [42,45,46,47]
Summary
Cancer is one of the most lethal killers and threatens the life of human beings all around the world [1,2,3,4]. PTT is a better cancer therapeutic option, as NIR-II light is able to penetrate deeper, possesses a higher maximum permissible exposure (MPE) (1 W cm−2 for 1064 nm, 0.72 W cm−2 for 980 nm and 0.33 W cm−2 for 808 nm) and leads to less tissue attenuation [42,43,44] With these in mind, researchers have looked toward developing superlative NIR-II PTAs from nanomaterials that are both inorganic (such as gold nanoparticles and metal chalcogenides) and organic (such as conjugated small molecules and polymers) [42,45,46,47]. Different from the classical pH-dependent Fenton reaction (i.e., generally energetic in a narrow pH range (e.g., pH = 3–4)), BSA-CuFeS2 was able to produce a comparable amount of OH in varying pH conditions (7.4, 6.5 and 5.4) for CDT (Figure 1E).
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