Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen-presenting cells that determine cancer immune responses by regulating immune activation and tolerance, especially in the initiation stage of specific responses. Manipulation of DCs to enhance specific antitumor immune response is considered to be a powerful tool for tumor eradication. Nanotechnology, which can incorporate multifunction components and show spatiotemporal control properties, is of great interest and is widely investigated for its ability to improve immune response activity against cancer and even for prevention and avoiding recurrence. In this mini-review, we aim to provide a general view of DC-based immunotherapy, including that involving the promising nanotechnology. Particularly we discuss: (1) manipulation or engineering of DCs for adoptive vaccination, (2) employing DCs as a combination to more existing therapeutics in tumor treatment, and (3) direct modulation of DCs in vivo to enhance antigen presentation efficacy and priming T cells subsequently. We comprehensively discuss the updates on the application of nanotechnology in DC-based immunotherapy and provide some insights on the challenges and opportunities of DC-based immunotherapeutics, including the potential of nanotechnology, against cancers.
Highlights
Cancer therapies have been evolving with advances in oncology (Couzin-Frankel, 2013)
Considering that Dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in priming naïve T cell and inducing adaptive immunity, tremendous efforts have been made in manipulating DC for cancer immunotherapy
Taking the advantages of nanotechnology, manipulation, and engineering of DCs in vitro can be simplified and its activation efficiency can be improved, which could increase the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive DC transfer treatment
Summary
Cancer therapies have been evolving with advances in oncology (Couzin-Frankel, 2013). The first tumor vaccine SipuleucelT was approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2010 for prostate cancer treatment (Higano et al, 2009; Kantoff et al, 2010). Nanotechnology for Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy inhibitor antibody Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4 antibody) was approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma (Robert et al, 2011). Great achievements have been made in cancer immunotherapy, only some percentage of patients can benefit from those promising immunotherapeutics, mainly owing to the immunosuppressive microenvironment of the solid tumor and immune tolerance to mono-therapeutics (Albini et al, 2018; Binnewies et al, 2018; Costa et al, 2018; Feng et al, 2018; Knudson et al, 2018; Zhao et al, 2018). Manipulating DCs by taking advantage of the controllable and modifiable features of nanotechnology shows promising antitumor responses both in vitro and in vivo
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