Recent advances in nanomaterials based biosensors

Abstract

Low-dimensional materials can be used to create highly sensitive, targeted, label-free, FET biosensors that can identify a variety of analytes. However, reliable biological FET is not yet available in the real world because it is hard to meet the strict requirements for highly sensitive and selective bio-FET fabrication. Two-dimensional materials, like graphene or transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), are used in devices called 2D FET-based biosensors as the active channel in a field-effect transistor (FET) configuration. 2D materials, are better candidates for high-performance biosensing due to their dramatic change in resistivity upon analyte adsorption or biomarkers detection, tunable electronic properties, high surface activities, sufficient stability, and layer-dependent semiconducting properties. We provide a brief overview of fascinating biosensing applications with a variety of architectural designs in this review article. This group of devices includes 2D TMDs-based FETs that incorporate graphene, reduced graphene oxide, quantum dots, nanoparticles, nanocomposites, nanorods, nanospheres, nanoflowers, and TMD/MXene heterostructures. These achievements show the exceptional capability of ultrahigh performance in biomarker detection in point-of-care diagnostics. The conclusion includes a summary of current opportunities and challenges.