Abstract
Aptamers are artificial nucleic acid ligands that have been employed in various fundamental studies and applications, such as biological analyses, disease diagnostics, targeted therapeutics, and environmental pollutant detection. This review focuses on the recent advances in aptamer discovery strategies that have been used to detect various chemicals and biomolecules. Recent examples of the strategies discussed here are based on the classification of these micro/nanomaterial-mediated systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) platforms into three categories: bead-mediated, carbon-based nanomaterial-mediated, and other nanoparticle-mediated strategies. In addition to describing the advantages and limitations of the aforementioned strategies, this review discusses potential strategies to develop high-performance aptamers.
Highlights
Introduction inMicro/Nanomaterial-BasedSpecific recognition materials are vital in various fundamental studies and applications, such as biological analysis, disease diagnostics, targeted therapeutics, and environmental pollutant detection [1,2]
We focus on the recent advances in aptamer discovery strategies that have been used to detect various chemicals and biomolecules
The aptamers for (−)-trans-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), XLR-11, and UR-144 were screened using oligo library-immobilized agarose beads [67] to freely bind to their natural targets without any deformation during target immobilization, which is necessary for small molecules with only a few functional groups for aptamer binding
Summary
Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), RNA (ssRNA), or XNA (xeno nucleic acid, which is a synthetic nucleic acid analogue) [32,33] molecules that can selectively bind to a specific target. SELEX begins by screening a large oligonucleotide pool to identify an aptamer with a high affinity against the target and a low cross-reactivity against the counter target This oligonucleotide usually consists of two parts: a randomly generated sequence and a constant sequence. The conserved regions with a constant sequence are required for the primer-driven PCR amplification of the oligonucleotide pools for the round of SELEX. With these constituents, the oligonucleotide pools can be designed to exhibit an unstructured, linear form. When an aptamer binds to a target molecule, its conformational change causes it to be released from the materials, enabling the collection of target-bound aptamers. The enriched pools are sequenced to define the aptamers and further evaluate their characteristics, such as structure, binding affinity, and binding site of the target
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