Abstract
The use of luminescence in biological systems allows one to diagnose diseases and understand cellular processes. Molecular systems, particularly lanthanide(III) complexes, have emerged as an attractive system for application in cellular luminescence imaging due to their long emission lifetimes, high brightness, possibility of controlling the spectroscopic properties at the molecular level, and tailoring of the ligand structure that adds sensing and therapeutic capabilities. This review aims to provide a background in luminescence imaging and lanthanide spectroscopy and discuss selected examples from the recent literature on lanthanide(III) luminescent complexes in cellular luminescence imaging, published in the period 2016–2020. Finally, the challenges and future directions that are pointing for the development of compounds that are capable of executing multiple functions and the use of light in regions where tissues and cells have low absorption will be discussed.
Highlights
The use of luminescence in biological systems allows one to diagnose and understand cellular processes [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Lanthanide(III) (LnIII ) ions are very attractive for application in cellular luminescence imaging [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26] due to long emission lifetimes, which enable time-gated detection and increased signal-to-noise ratio, and narrow emission bands
This review aims to provide a background in luminescence imaging and lanthanide spectroscopy This review aims to provide a background in luminescence imaging and lanthanide and discuss selected examples of recent literature on lanthanide(III) luminescent complexes in cellular spectroscopy and discuss selected examples of recent literature on lanthanide(III) luminescent luminescence imaging, published in the period 2016–2020
Summary
The use of luminescence in biological systems allows one to diagnose and understand cellular processes [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. EuIII is still the most used LnIII in bioimaging due to its luminescence lifetime in the millisecond range, and bright emission in the red region of the electromagnetic spectrum, that allows time-gated detection in a region in which the cells and tissues have low scattering [34]. 37], development of compounds that are capable of imaging and therapy [31,38,39], and the use of and/or emission in a region where there is low scattering by cells and tissues [15,32,40]. The challenges and future development of compounds that are capable of executing multiple functions, and the use of light in directions that are pointing for the development of compounds that are capable of executing multiple regions where tissues and cells have low absorption will be discussed. Functions, and the use of light in regions where tissues and cells have low absorption will be discussed
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