Abstract
The use of luminescence in biological systems allows us to diagnose diseases and understand cellular processes. Persistent luminescent materials have emerged as an attractive system for application in luminescence imaging of biological systems; the afterglow emission grants background-free luminescence imaging, there is no need for continuous excitation to avoid tissue and cell damage due to the continuous light exposure, and they also circumvent the depth penetration issue caused by excitation in the UV-Vis. This review aims to provide a background in luminescence imaging of biological systems, persistent luminescence, and synthetic methods for obtaining persistent luminescent materials, and discuss selected examples of recent literature on the applications of persistent luminescent materials in luminescence imaging of biological systems and photodynamic therapy. Finally, the challenges and future directions, pointing to the development of compounds capable of executing multiple functions and light in regions where tissues and cells have low absorption, will be discussed.
Highlights
Observation of cells and the different cellular components is a fascinating field that allows one to diagnose diseases and unravel biological processes [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]
The reader has been presented with the potentialities and challenges in the luminescence imaging of biological systems
Another advantage is the extremely high temperatures achieved in short periods that reflect in increased concentration of defects, improving the energy storage capability of the material as shown by Rodrigues and co-workers for the blue-emitting material BaAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ [191] (Figure 10b) and Qiu and co-workers for the MAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ (M = Sr2+, Ba2+ or Ca2+) material [215] (Figure 10c)
Summary
Observation of cells and the different cellular components is a fascinating field that allows one to diagnose diseases and unravel biological processes [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. The simplest way to observe cellular components is using a simple optical microscope and color staining [14]. Color staining is a straightforward technique capable of providing intricate details about tissues and cells. It relies on specific interactions between dyes and tissues or cell components; the dye needs to be washed out to warranty specificity and usually requires high concentrations to allow acceptable color contrasts. 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