Abstract
Water quality control and management in water resources are important for providing clean and safe water to the public. Due to their large area, collection, analysis, and management of a large amount of water quality data are essential. Water quality data are collected mainly by manual field sampling, and recently real-time sensor monitoring has been increasingly applied for efficient data collection. However, real-time sensor monitoring still relies on only a few parameters, such as water level, velocity, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH. Although advanced sensing technologies, such as hyperspectral images (HSI), have been used for the areal monitoring of algal bloom, other water quality sensors for organic compounds, phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) still need to be further developed and improved for field applications. The utilization of information and communications technology (ICT) with sensor technology shows great potential for the monitoring, transmission, and management of field water-quality data and thus for developing effective water quality management. This paper presents a review of the recent advances in ICT and field applicable sensor technology for monitoring water quality, mainly focusing on water resources, such as rivers and lakes, and discusses the challenges and future directions.
Highlights
The introduction of various contaminants, such as organic matter, hazardous chemicals, and nutrients from domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities to natural water systems has caused harmful effects, such as harmful algal blooms (HAB) on drinking water supply systems like rivers or lakes [1].appropriate water-quality-monitoring technologies are needed in order to develop an effective water-resource-management strategy and/or improve existing natural-water-system-management plans.Generally, water quality data is commonly collected on a regular basis by field/grab sampling and consecutive physicochemical analyses of the samples in a laboratory-based environment
This review provides an overview of current and in-development technologies, processes, and parameters of water-quality-monitoring sensor technology for water resources, such as lakes and rivers
The functionalized sensor is to quantify MC-LR concentrations by utilizing the immobilized MC-LR molecules, which act as available bonding sites for the attachment of the free horseradish peroxidase (HRP) antibody molecules
Summary
The introduction of various contaminants, such as organic matter, hazardous chemicals, and nutrients from domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities to natural water systems has caused harmful effects, such as harmful algal blooms (HAB) on drinking water supply systems like rivers or lakes [1]. The sampling time interval should be managed by considering the peak loading period (i.e., frequent sampling at the beginning of a flood event rather than at the end) [5,6] Regardless of these limitations, most monitoring programs are field-based, suggesting an urgent need for monitoring-methodology improvement [7]. The natural water in lakes, rivers, and the sea can be effectively managed by an in situ real-time monitoring system where area-based monitoring with multi- or hyper-spectral imaging sensors are increasingly applied to collect data for wide-ranging areas [8,9,10,11]. This paper reviews recent advances of water-quality-monitoring systems based on ICT, including area-based monitoring systems using hyper- or multi-spectral imaging sensors and their integration with machine learning tools for the analyses of massive data
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