Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this work was to review the recent advances in biophysical stimulation of MSC for bone regeneration with particular relevance in the tissue engineering field. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The review process had three steps: First, by the use of databases available, the principal findings published related to the different types of biophysical stimulation applied to Mesenchymal Stem cells (MSC) for bone tissue regeneration were compiled. Second, the principal characteristics such as historical relevance, conditions of operation, signaling, and principal results were obtained from each study. And third, considering the above characteristics, a description of each study was realized. Findings: This review highlighted the following findings: a) The capacity of MSC for differentiating to multiple lineages have attracted attention in regenerative medicine applications; b) Biophysical stimulation is an alternative in order to promote the osteodifferentiation of MSC; c) During the process of application of this type of stimulation, the generation of biochemical signals which is related to the changes in the environment of the cell (i.e., cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation) are generated; and d) Despite a large number of studies published in this area, these do not explain clearly the mechanisms related to the generation of these signaling produced by the biophysical effects (i.e., mechanical, electrical, and electromagnetic). Furthermore, in this review, a compilation of the last five years was done, which emphasize in the aspect historical, conditions of operation, and biochemical signaling generated of each type of biophysical stimulation of MSC for osteodifferentiation. Application/ Improvements: Biophysical stimulation causes multiple effects on the cell environment, producing changes in its morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. The above is important in the biophysical stimulation of MSC for bone regeneration. Keywords: Biophysical Stimulation, Bone Regeneration, Osteodifferentiation, Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering
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