Abstract
In this minireview, we discuss advancements in ion concentration polarization (ICP)-based preconcentration, separation, desalination, and dielectrophoresis that have been made over the past three years. ICP as a means of controlling the distribution of the ions and electric field in a microfluidic device has rapidly expanded its areas of application. Recent advancements have focused on the development of ion-permselective materials with tunable dimensions and surface chemistry, adaptation to paper microfluidics, higher-throughput device geometries, and coupling ICP with other separation (isotachophoresis and dielectrophoresis) and fluidic (valve and droplet microfluidic) strategies. These studies have made great strides toward solving real-world problems such as low-cost and rapid analysis, accessible desalination technology, and single-cell research tools.
Highlights
Ion concentration polarization (ICP) is an electrokinetic phenomenon brought about by selective charge transport, such as occurs in a nanofluidic channel that links two microfluidic compartments (Scheme 1a)
Her research focuses on highthroughput cell sorting by dielectrophoresis (DEP), increasing the capability of faradaic ion concentration polarization (FICP), and the application of sheathflow coulter counting for particle size sorting
Especially through combined techniques (e.g. ICP with ITP and ELSFE), (3) extension into new materials for both the device and the nanofeatures used for selective charge transport, (4) schemes for recovering analyte bands, and (5) leveraging extended electric field gradients for DEP of cells, to name a few
Summary
Separation of sample components is often the starting point of chemical or biochemical analysis. Separation in an electric field is based on the differences among analytes in electrophoretic mobility (μ), which is equal to the charge of a molecule (Q) over friction (ζ). A limitation of electric field based separations is cases for which μ is indistinguishable for two analytes. The separation of DNA is often problematic since Q and ζ are both proportional to the number of monomers in the DNA chain (M) (i.e. μ = Q/ζ ∝ M/M).[84] ICP CFF separation has been limited by the difficulty of accessing enriched bands (e.g. via extraction or isolation). Recent advancements that are discussed in this subsection address these two limitations by integrating mobility shift strategies and a valve system with ICP CFF separation
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