RecA and Specialized Error-Prone DNA Polymerases Are Not Required for Mutagenesis and Antibiotic Resistance Induced by Fluoroquinolones in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Jessica Mercolino,Francesco Imperi,Giordano Rampioni,Maria Concetta Spinnato,Alessandra Lo Sciuto

doi:10.3390/antibiotics11030325

Jessica Mercolino, Francesco Imperi + Show 3 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11030325

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Abstract

To cope with stressful conditions, including antibiotic exposure, bacteria activate the SOS response, a pathway that induces error-prone DNA repair and mutagenesis mechanisms. In most bacteria, the SOS response relies on the transcriptional repressor LexA and the co-protease RecA, the latter being also involved in homologous recombination. The role of the SOS response in stress- and antibiotic-induced mutagenesis has been characterized in detail in the model organism Escherichia coli. However, its effect on antibiotic resistance in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is less clear. Here, we analyzed a recA deletion mutant and confirmed, by conjugation and gene expression assays, that RecA is required for homologous recombination and SOS response induction in P. aeruginosa. MIC assays demonstrated that RecA affects P. aeruginosa resistance only towards fluoroquinolones and genotoxic agents. The comparison of antibiotic-resistant mutant frequency between treated and untreated cultures revealed that, among the antibiotics tested, only fluoroquinolones induced mutagenesis in P. aeruginosa. Notably, both RecA and error-prone DNA polymerases were found to be dispensable for this process. These data demonstrate that the SOS response is not required for antibiotic-induced mutagenesis in P. aeruginosa, suggesting that RecA inhibition is not a suitable strategy to target antibiotic-induced emergence of resistance in this pathogen.

Highlights

The concurrence of genetic variation and natural selection is a fundamental force driving the evolution of all organisms, including bacteria
It has been demonstrated that the lack of RecA in E. coli leads to recombination deficient strains [35]
To confirm that RecA is essential for homologous recombination in P. aeruginosa3,otfh1e3 acquisition efficiency of three different mobilizable plasmids, pFLP2, mini-CTX1, and pDM4ΔrsmA was compared between the wild type strain PAO1 and an isogenic ΔrecA

Summary

Introduction

The concurrence of genetic variation and natural selection is a fundamental force driving the evolution of all organisms, including bacteria. While the DNA replication process unavoidably causes spontaneous mutations during bacterial growth, the so-called “adaptive mutations” are induced by external stimuli and help bacteria to cope with stressful conditions [1,2] One of these conditions is antibiotic exposure, which can increase the DNA mutation rate either by selecting cells with loss-of-function mutations in repair systems (hypermutator variants), or by directly promoting the expression and/or activity of error-prone DNA repair systems [3]. RecA forms RecA-ssDNA nucleoprotein filaments that, by inducing LexA self-cleavage, lead to the derepression of SOS genes, including error-prone DNA repair systems and error-prone DNA polymerases [9,10] The action of these polymerases, known as translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases, renders the DNA replication and repair processes more erroneous, increasing the mutagenesis rate [3,11,12]

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