Abstract
We investigate the real-time estimation protocols for the frequency shift of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds (NDs). Efficiently integrating multipoint ODMR measurements and ND particle tracking into fluorescence microscopy has recently demonstrated stable monitoring of the temperature inside living animals. We analyze the multipoint ODMR measurement techniques (3-, 4-, and 6-point methods) in detail and quantify the amount of measurement artifact owing to several systematic errors derived from instrumental errors of experimental hardware and ODMR spectral shape. We propose a practical approach to minimize the effect of these factors, which allows for measuring accurate temperatures of single NDs during dynamic thermal events. We also discuss integration of noise filters, data estimation protocols, and possible artifacts for further developments in real-time temperature estimation. The present study provides technical details of quantum diamond thermometry and discusses factors that may affect the temperature estimation in biological applications.
Highlights
Quantum nanoscale sensing based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds (NDs) enables highly sensitive nanoscale probing of magnetic fields, electric fields, and temperature [1,2,3,4]
The multipoint ODMR measurement is a process used to estimate the frequency shift of the ODMR based on limited fluorescence intensity data at several frequency points
A careful estimation of the frequency shift is required because unexpected factors may generate artifacts; the difference in the photo-responsivity between the photon counters is an example
Summary
Quantum nanoscale sensing based on optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds (NDs) enables highly sensitive nanoscale probing of magnetic fields, electric fields, and temperature [1,2,3,4]. Recent studies have focused on developing this sensing technique for practical applications [5,6,7,8,9,10] and have tried to efficiently deploy the sensors into real-time measurement systems [11,12,13,14,15,16]. The biological application of NV thermometry was first demonstrated in cultured cells [21,22,23,24] and, recently, in in vivo model animals, such as nematode worms [25,26].
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