Abstract
To reduce the reliance on fossil fuel-based generation, many countries expand the use of renewable energy sources (RES) for electricity production. The stochastic and intermittent nature of such sources (i.e., wind and solar) poses challenges to the stable and reliable operation of the electric power system (EPS) and requires sufficient operational flexibility. With continuous and random changes in the EPS operational conditions, evaluating the system flexibility in a standardized manner may improve the robustness of planning and operating procedures. Therefore, the development of fast algorithms for determining system flexibility is a critical issue. In this paper, the flexibility of the EPS with high wind energy penetration is calculated in real time. In this context, the EPS flexibility is understood as the ability of the system to maintain a balance under irregular and short-term active power variations during a specified time by using the flexibility resources. The EPS flexibility calculation relies on a deterministic method developed to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the EPS readiness to changes in load. Accurate wind power forecasts and the observance of the electric circuit law when solving the optimization problem allow for determining the actual value of the EPS flexibility during a considered time.
Highlights
With the government targets set to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel energy sources, there is a rapid increase in using renewable energy sources (RES) for electricity generation
This paper shows the significance of assessing the flexibility of an electric power system with a wind farm and a battery in real time for n minutes
This electric power system (EPS) operating state is characterized by the minimum flexibility since an insignificant excess of load at a node will lead to a power shortage in the EPS or to the use of an emergency reserve
Summary
With the government targets set to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel energy sources, there is a rapid increase in using renewable energy sources (RES) for electricity generation. The flexibility of an EPS with a wind farm (i.e., the ability of the system to maintain a balance with irregular and short-term changes in active power during a Mathematics 2021, 9, 2056 specified time at the expense of flexibility sources) is calculated in real time for n minutes ahead. A criterion is proposed for determining the combination of imbalances arising from forecast errors (uncertainties), which, when exceeded, make the EPS incapable of maintaining the power balance (cause flexibility losses) This problem is solved as an optimization problem with equality and inequality constraints. A methodology for real-time flexibility assessment for a power system with high wind energy penetration is developed This methodology uses measurements as input data, handles them, and provides information about the EPS flexibility for n minutes ahead, taking into account the battery control strategy; 2.
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