Real-time characterizations of soliton explosions and pulsations in a Tm-doped fiber laser

Abstract

Over the years, 2 μm mode-locked fiber laser has been widely developed as an important light source for various significant applications. Worth to note that, with the help of real-time spectroscopy technique, i.e., time-stretched dispersive Fourier transformation (TS-DFT), various complex nonlinear soliton dynamics have been revealed, such as soliton molecules, soliton explosions and soliton pulsations, enhancing our understanding of the ultrafast physics. However, due to the lack of appropriate dispersive components at 2 μm band with low optical transmission loss for TS-DFT measurement, the investigation of ultrafast soliton dynamical phenomena in the 2 μm mode-locked fiber lasers is still limited. In this work, we demonstrate the direct real-time observation of soliton explosion and pulsation phenomena at 2 μm band mode-locked fiber laser, for the first time as far as we know, by using specially designed linearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings as dispersive component for TS-DFT measurement. For explosions, we observe slight explosion and drastic explosion, respectively. Particularly, the soliton pulsating explosions are also characterized in real time where the explosions occur in the process of soliton pulsation. In addition, dual-wavelength soliton rains are also observed by carefully adjusting the cavity parameters. Our work provides supplements to the current investigation of 2 μm band ultrafast science, and might enrich our understanding of soliton dynamics.