Reads Binning Improves Alignment-Free Metagenome Comparison.

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Comparing metagenomic samples is a critical step in understanding the relationships among microbial communities. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have produced a massive amount of short reads data for microbial communities from different environments. The assembly of these short reads can, however, be time-consuming and challenging. In addition, alignment-based methods for metagenome comparison are limited by incomplete genome and/or pathway databases. In contrast, alignment-free methods for metagenome comparison do not depend on the completeness of genome or pathway databases. Still, the existing alignment-free methods, and , which model k-tuple patterns using only one Markov chain for each sample, neglect the heterogeneity within metagenomic data wherein potentially thousands of types of microorganisms are sequenced. To address this imperfection in and , we organized NGS sequences into different reads bins and constructed several corresponding Markov models. Next, we modified the definition of our previous alignment-free methods, and , to make them more compatible with a scheme of analysis which uses the proposed reads bins. We then used two simulated and three real metagenomic datasets to test the effect of the k-tuple size and Markov orders of background sequences on the performance of these de novo alignment-free methods. For dependable comparison of metagenomic samples, our newly developed alignment-free methods with reads binning outperformed alignment-free methods without reads binning in detecting the relationship among microbial communities, including whether they form groups or change according to some environmental gradients.