Reactivity to food cues in spicy food cravers: Physiological and behavioral responses

Abstract

In China, the rate of spicy food consumption is rising, and chili pepper is among the most popular spicy foods consumed nationwide. According to the ‘cued overeating’ model, visual and olfactory cues of food can lead to changes in physiological responses and increase the likelihood and amount of food intake. However, no studies have explored the role of spicy food cues in cue reactivity among spicy food cravers. The exploratory study aimed to investigate cue-induced physiological responses, subjective cravings, eating behaviors and their associations in spicy food cravers. A group of spicy cravers (n = 59) and a group of age- and sex-matched non-cravers (n = 60) were exposed to food cues that contained or did not contain chili, during which physiological responses and food consumption were measured. The results revealed that spicy food cravers showed increased salivation and heart rate in response to food cues that contained chili compared to cues without chili and consumed significantly more chili oil after chili exposure. For cravers, heart rate during chili exposure was positively correlated with changes in subjective spicy food craving, and increases in subjective spicy food craving during chili exposure positively predicted subsequent chili oil consumption. The current exploratory study confirms the ‘cued overeating’ model and extends previous findings on food cravings, showing that even though chili peppers can elicit aversive oral burns and pain, they share the same physiological mechanism underlying cue reactivity as other kinds of cravings.