Abstract
In Chapter 2 we introduce transition state theory as a general framework for the discussion of organic reactivity phenomena and also analyze its relationship to potential energy surfaces and simple rate equations. This includes the discussion of selected kinetically controlled or thermodynamically controlled reactions. On this basis we then develop more specific reactivity concepts commonly used in organic chemistry textbooks, such as the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle, Marcus theory, the “hard and soft acids and bases“ (HSAB) principle, Hammett correlations, the Mayr–Patz equation, and “frontier molecular orbital (FMO)” theory. These reactivity concepts are illustrated for reactions as diverse as radical substitution and addition reactions, nucleophilic substitution reactions, the Nef reaction, the hydrolysis of esters, addition reactions of diazomethanes, the addition of electrophiles to alkenes and to sulfonium ylids, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, cycloaddition reactions and the reduction of carbonyl compounds with complex hydrides. A short description of the inner workings of solvent effects is also included.
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