Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), acting as essential mediators in biological system, play important roles in the physiologic and pathologic processes, including cellular signal transductions and cell homeostasis interference. Aberrant expression of ROS in tissue microenvironment can be caused by the internal/external stimuli and tissue injury, which may leads to an elevated level of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cellular damage as well as disruption in the tissue repair process. To prevent the formation of excess ROS around the injury site, advanced biomaterials can be remodeled or instructed to release their payloads in an injury microenvironment-responsive fashion to regulate the elevated levels of the ROS, which may also help downregulate the oxidative stress and promote tissue regeneration. A multitude of scaffolds and bioactive cues have been reported to promote the regeneration of damaged tissues based on the scavenging of free radicals and reactive species that confer high protection to the cellular activity and tissue function. In this review, we outline the underlying mechanism of ROS generation in the tissue microenvironment and present a comprehensive review of ROS-scavenging biomaterials for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications, including soft tissues regeneration, bone and cartilage repair as well as wound healing. Additionally, we highlight the strategies for the regulation of ROS by scaffold design and processing technology. Taken together, developing ROS-based biomaterials may not only help develop advanced platforms for improving injury microenvironment but also accelerate tissue regeneration.
Highlights
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive ions or free radicals, such as superoxide (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyal radicals (·OH), hypochlorite ion (ClO−), singlet oxygen (1O2) and so on
While the wound healing and tissue repair processes are governed by the different phases of inflammation, the excessive inflammation may exacerbate oxidative stress and ROS
While on the one hand, excessive ROS at the injury site can perturb tissue repair through overlying signaling pathway and oxidative stress, on the other hand, the excessive ROS can lead to the damage of the biological molecules and disturbance of the immune system
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive ions or free radicals, such as superoxide (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyal radicals (·OH), hypochlorite ion (ClO−), singlet oxygen (1O2) and so on. These instructive biomaterials may possess several functions, such as the regulation of the injury microenvironment by the alleviation of the oxidative stress or ROS, which may help modulate inflammatory response and inflammatory signaling mediated cellular processes, harness oxidative stress and/or ROS as microenvironmental cues to afford drug/growth factor release, and induce the degradation of implanted scaffolds.
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