Rational design of hollow C@SnS2/SnS@C cubes with N-doping to realize stepwise sodium storage induced structural stability for highly stable cycling performance

Abstract

Current application of SnS2-based anodes in sodium-ion batteries fails to meet the demand for higher Na+ storage capacity due to the structural pulverization induced by significant volume changes during cycling. Herein, a novel composite of hollow C@SnS2/SnS@C cubes with excellent diffusion kinetics and structural stability from stepwise Na+ storage is designed. The SnS with gentle pseudocapacitive reaction acts as the self-supporter to prevent the collapse of SnS2/SnS heterostructure during the Na+ insertion/extraction. Together with the clamping of double carbon layers and hollow construction, the volume change caused structural instability in heterostructure is effectively alleviated. The rapid transport of electrons and ions within the built-in electric field of heterostructure endows the composite an excellent diffusion kinetics, which is generated from the narrow bandgap and outstanding Na+ absorption of heterostructure according to the first-principle calculation. Thus, the as-prepared composite maintains a remarkable capacity of 547.9 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at current density of 0.5 A g−1. Even a capacity of 502.5 mAh g−1 with a low attenuation rate of 0.035 % per cycle is achieved at 2 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. The work proposes an effective approach to achieve effective Na + storage of SnS2-based anodes with long-lasting structural stability.