Rational design and evaluation of UV curable nano-silver ink applied in highly conductive textile-based electrodes and flexible silver-zinc batteries

Abstract

• A novel UV curable nano-silver ink with low-temperature and short-time curing features was developed for the application of high-performance e-textiles. • By investigating the influence of ink composition, it can provide a guideline to the ink formulation design and understand the mechanism of printing defect formation. • The electrical conductivity of textile-based electrode was achieved as high as 2.47 × 106 S/m when the nano-silver content of conductive ink was 60 wt%. • The textile-based electrode showed outstanding mechanical durability and could maintain resistance stability within 10 washing and drying cycles. • The application potential of conductive ink in fabricating e-textiles was confirmed by using the textile-based electrode as the cathode of silver-zinc battery. The possibility of printing conductive ink on textiles is progressively researched due to its potential benefits in manufacturing functional wearable electronics and improving wearing comfort. However, few studies have reported the effect of conductive ink formulation on electrodes directly screen-printed on flexible substrates, especially printing UV curable conductive ink on common textiles. In this work, a novel UV curable nano-silver ink with short-time curing and low temperature features was developed to manufacture the fully flexible and washable textile-based electrodes by screen printing. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of ink formulation on UV-curing speed, degree of conversion, morphology and electrical properties of printed electrodes. Besides, the application demonstration was highlighted. The curing speed and adhesion of ink was found depending dominantly on the type of prepolymer and the functionality of monomer, and the type of photoinitiator had a decisive effect on the curing speed, degree of double bond conversion and morphology of printed patterns. The nano-silver content is key to guarantee the suitable screen-printability of conductive ink and therefore the uniformity and high conductivity of textile-based electrodes. Optimally, an ink formulation with 60 wt% nano-silver meets the potential application requirements. The electrode with 1.0 mm width showed significantly high electrical conductivity of 2.47 × 10 6 S/m, outstanding mechanical durability and satisfactory washability. The high-performance of electrodes screen-printed on different fabrics proved the feasibility and utility of UV curable nano-silver ink. In addition, the application potential of the conductive ink in fabricating electronic textiles (e-textiles) was confirmed by using the textile-based electrodes as the cathodes of silver-zinc batteries. We anticipate the developed UV curable conductive ink for screen-printing on textiles can provide a novel design opportunity for flexible and wearable e-textile applications.