Abstract
Immunochromatographic assays are good analytical tools for the detection of drug residues. We report a nanosphere-based time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (nano-TRFIA) based on a monoclonal antibody and a portable TRFIA analyzer for the rapid quantification of chlorpromazine (CPZ) residues in pork. Under optimal conditions, the nano-TRFIA detected CPZ residues within 6 min of sample pretreatment. The results showed good linearity (R2 = 0.991), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.32 μg/kg, a wide dynamic range of 0.46–10.0 μg/kg, and coefficients of variation (CVs) of the overall intrabatch and interbatch assays of 7.34% and 7.65%, respectively. The nano-TRFIA was also used to detect CPZ at different spiked concentrations in pork, and the results were confirmed via ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The nano-TRFIA was evaluated for the analysis of six commercial pork samples, and the results agreed well with those obtained via UPLC-MS/MS, without significant differences (P > 0.05). Therefore, the proposed nano-TRFIA is a powerful alternative for the rapid and accurate quantification of CPZ residues in pork to meet the required Chinese maximum residue limits for veterinary drugs in foods.
Highlights
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a typical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug [1,2,3] and is common in clinical veterinary practice because of its strong sedative and antiemetic effects [4, 5]. e addition of CPZ into animal feeds causes sedation, hypnosis, weight gain, and fattening and shortens the slaughter time
Detection methods for CPZ residues are underdeveloped compared with those for other antipsychotic drugs [12]. e CPZ residue detection methods can be classified into two types: the first type is based on chromatography, and it includes liquid microextraction-liquid chromatography [13], liquid chromatography-coulometry [14], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [15], liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [16], and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [17]. ese methods require advanced laboratories, tedious sample pretreatment, International Journal of Analytical Chemistry long detection time, expensive apparatus, and operation by experienced personnel
Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to detect the CRs between mouse anti-CPZ monoclonal antibody and other six structurally relevant compounds
Summary
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a typical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug [1,2,3] and is common in clinical veterinary practice because of its strong sedative and antiemetic effects [4, 5]. e addition of CPZ into animal feeds causes sedation, hypnosis, weight gain, and fattening and shortens the slaughter time. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a typical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug [1,2,3] and is common in clinical veterinary practice because of its strong sedative and antiemetic effects [4, 5]. E addition of CPZ into animal feeds causes sedation, hypnosis, weight gain, and fattening and shortens the slaughter time. CPZ residues in animal products can adversely affect human health [8,9,10,11]. Japan has stipulated that CPZ should not be present in foodstuffs of animal origin. According to the National Food Safety Standard on Maximum Residue Limits for Veterinary Drugs in Foods (GB31650-2019) in China, CPZ is allowed for treatment but should not be present in foods of animal origin. Some vendors still illegally add CPZ into edible animal feeds
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