Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots with blue, green, and red emissions were rapidly prepared from modified pine needles through microwave irradiation in a one-pot reaction. The fluorescence intensity and emission versatility for a carbon source were experimentally optimized. The reaction times were under 10 min and the reaction temperatures were lower than 220 °C. Potential applications of magnetic fluorescence-linked immunoassays of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were presented. The detection limits for CEA and TNF-α (3.1 and 2.8 pg mL−1, respectively) are lower than those presented in other reports, whereas the linear ranges for CEA and TNF-α (9 pg mL−1 to 18 ng mL−1 and 8.5 pg mL−1 to 17 ng mL−1, respectively) are wider than those presented in other reports. Magnetic immunoassays with fluorescent CDs prepared from pine needles can enable rapid, sensitive, and selective detections for biochemical analysis.
Highlights
Carbon dots (CDs ) are carbon nanoparticles with a size of less than 10 nm.Carbon dots have optical, electrical, and chemical properties suitable for various applications [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) are widely used in numerous chemical, biochemical, and environmental applications because of their hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and stability features with respect to organic dyes and inorganic quantum dots
UV-vis spectrometer was from Agilent Scientific (HP8450, Santa Clara, CA, USA), the FTIR was from Perkin Elmer (Spectrum 2, Waltham, MA, USA), the TEM was from Joel (JEL 1400, Tokyo, Japan), and the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)
Summary
Carbon dots (CDs ) are carbon nanoparticles with a size of less than 10 nm. The fluorescence properties of CDs depend on their synthesis procedure and the precursors used in their preparation. Green carbon sources can be used to produce widely available, cost-effective, and ecologically friendly CDs. Green carbon precursors have gained wide popularity in scientific worlds to support sustainable environments. Developing a simple, rapid, green, and economical method for synthesizing CDs with various emission wavelengths for optical sensing is crucial. Pine needles are green carbon sources with high potentials for use in producing fluorescent CDs with various emission wavelengths. Microwave-assisted synthesis on nanomaterials is eco-friendly and has become popular in scientific research [12,13]. Fluorescent CDs with various emission wavelengths were rapidly prepared from modified pine needles through microwave irradiation. Magnetic immunoassays with functional CDs were employed for biomarker detection to demonstrate the potential applications. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were used as representative biomarkers
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