Abstract
Changes in agricultural practices have lead to pollination deficits in entomophilous crops, leading to a growing interest in supplementing farmlands with managed colonies of honey bee, Apis mellifera. However, the metrics of a colony as a pollination unit is controversial due to the wide range of adult population sizes encountered in a colony, especially in relation with the time of year and beekeeping management. Correctly measuring the number of adult honey bees per hive is critical for farmers to adjust the number of colonies they need to meet crop pollination demand. We tested a simple non-invasive method to estimate the adult worker population size of colonies based on common beekeeping handlings. This method consisted in counting the number of inter-frames covered with adult bees (called IFB thereafter) from above the hive body. Based on the monitoring of 181 colonies, we investigated the nature of the relation between IFB and the adult bee population size and its context-dependence to the meterological conditions and hive type. We then evaluated the possible improvement of the method with additional IFB counted in the supers and from below the hive body. Finally, we analysed the robustness of the method by comparing estimates obtained from colonies observed by experimented and naive observers. We revealed a clear-cut logarithmic relation between the IFB and the adult population size, covering the effects of meteorological conditions and hive type. The counting of IFB from above the hive body were particularly sensitive to meteorological conditions, unlike those counted from below the hive body. Moreover, the counting of additional IFB from the supers slightly improved the estimates of adult population size. Interestingly, no difference of estimate was detected between experimented and naive observers, suggesting applied simplicity of the method. The IFB counting method thus provides a simple, non-invasive and robust indicator of the adult population size of a managed honey bee colony. The counting of IFB from below the hive body should be recommend due to the sensitivity to meteorological conditions of the counting of IFB from above the hive body. Beyond crop pollination, we also highlighted application perspectives of this method as an indicator of survival probability. This method can therefore be viewed as a standard for routine field monitoring (i) to help farmers to estimate rigorously the number of colonies they need to meet the crop pollination demand and (ii) to help beekeepers assessing the mortality risk of their colonies.
Highlights
Over the last century, changes in agricultural landscapes and prac tices have lead to widespread pollination deficits in pollinatordependant crops (Kremen et al, 2002; Garibaldi et al, 2016; Koh et al, 2016), and to a growing interest in introducing managed polli nator species in these crops (Garibaldi et al, 2017)
As colonies had time to grow during the temporal shift between the first colony observations and the bee population weighing in March, the observations made with a temporal shift strictly greater than four days were removed in the analyses of the Sections 3.1 and 3.2
The logarithmic relations between inter-frames covered with adult honey bees (IFB) and bee population were systematically better supported than the linear ones by R2D and AIC values in the Dadant hives observed by the experienced observers
Summary
Changes in agricultural landscapes and prac tices have lead to widespread pollination deficits in pollinatordependant crops (Kremen et al, 2002; Garibaldi et al, 2016; Koh et al, 2016), and to a growing interest in introducing managed polli nator species in these crops (Garibaldi et al, 2017) This phenomenon started at the beginning of the 20th century in USA, where pome fruit farmers started to rent Apis mellifera colonies from commercial bee keepers and to introduce them in their orchards as a standard farming input (Farrar, 1931; Crane, 1999; Kellar, 2018; Ferrier et al, 2018). Assessing this adult honey bee population is a required first step to optimise crop pollination by supplying the adequate pollinator number (Garibaldi et al, 2020)
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