Abstract
A rapid heuristic ratiometric analysis for estimating tissue hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation from measured tissue diffuse reflectance spectra is presented. The analysis was validated in tissue-mimicking phantoms and applied to clinical measurements in head and neck, cervical and breast tissues. The analysis works in two steps. First, a linear equation that translates the ratio of the diffuse reflectance at 584 nm and 545 nm to estimate the tissue hemoglobin concentration using a Monte Carlo-based lookup table was developed. This equation is independent of tissue scattering and oxygen saturation. Second, the oxygen saturation was estimated using non-linear logistic equations that translate the ratio of the diffuse reflectance spectra at 539 nm to 545 nm into the tissue oxygen saturation. Correlations coefficients of 0.89 (0.86), 0.77 (0.71) and 0.69 (0.43) were obtained for the tissue hemoglobin concentration (oxygen saturation) values extracted using the full spectral Monte Carlo and the ratiometric analysis, for clinical measurements in head and neck, breast and cervical tissues, respectively. The ratiometric analysis was more than 4000 times faster than the inverse Monte Carlo analysis for estimating tissue hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation in simulated phantom experiments. In addition, the discriminatory power of the two analyses was similar. These results show the potential of such empirical tools to rapidly estimate tissue hemoglobin in real-time spectral imaging applications.
Highlights
Numerous studies have shown that the early detection and treatment of oral and cervical cancers significantly improve survival rates [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
The Papanicolau test or Pap smear is the standard of care
There is the absence of appropriate medical infrastructure and resources to support the organized screening and diagnostic programs that are available in the U.S there is a critical global need for a portable, easy-touse, reliable and low cost device that can rapidly screen for oral and cervical cancer in low-resource settings
Summary
Numerous studies have shown that the early detection and treatment of oral and cervical cancers significantly improve survival rates [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Detection of precancerous and cancerous oral lesions is mostly accomplished through visual inspection followed by the biopsy of suspicious tissue sites. The Papanicolau test or Pap smear is the standard of care. If the Pap smear is positive, colposcopy (visualization of the acetic acid stained cervix with a low power microscope) and biopsy are performed. An effective cancer screening and diagnostic program often requires both sophisticated and expensive medical facilities with well-trained and experienced medical staff. There is the absence of appropriate medical infrastructure and resources to support the organized screening and diagnostic programs that are available in the U.S there is a critical global need for a portable, easy-touse, reliable and low cost device that can rapidly screen for oral and cervical cancer in low-resource settings
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