Abstract
This paper addresses wearable-based recognition of Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) which are composed of several repetitive and concurrent short movements having temporal dependencies. It is improbable to directly use sensor data to recognize these long-term composite activities because two examples (data sequences) of the same ADL result in largely diverse sensory data. However, they may be similar in terms of more semantic and meaningful short-term atomic actions. Therefore, we propose a two-level hierarchical model for recognition of ADLs. Firstly, atomic activities are detected and their probabilistic scores are generated at the lower level. Secondly, we deal with the temporal transitions of atomic activities using a temporal pooling method, rank pooling. This enables us to encode the ordering of probabilistic scores for atomic activities at the higher level of our model. Rank pooling leads to a 5–13% improvement in results as compared to the other popularly used techniques. We also produce a large dataset of 61 atomic and 7 composite activities for our experiments.
Highlights
The advancement in health sciences has increased the median age of human and caused an increase in the number of elderly people
We evaluate our results obtained by rank pooling while comparing them with the other pooling techniques like average and max pooling and with Hidden Markov Models (HMM) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)
The results clearly show that ranking functions applied on Time Varying Mean Vector (TVMV) capture the temporal evolution of the composite activities better than when they are applied to atomic scores directly
Summary
The advancement in health sciences has increased the median age of human and caused an increase in the number of elderly people While it is good news overall, it raises other questions like whether the elderly people can maintain their quality of living independently or would need human resources to look after them. Preparing a meal can be made up of cutting the food, opening or closing the door of the refrigerator, stirring in the utensils. We refer to these long-term activities (i.e., ADLs) as composite activities and the underlying short-term actions as atomic activities. One main reason is that the person can change the order of atomic activities to accomplish
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