Abstract

IN I9I0 THE THIRTEENTH DALAI LAMA fled Lhasa in face of a Manchu invasion; in March 1959 the fourteenth Dalai Lama likewise sought asylum in India in similar protest against direct Chinese control of Tibetan affairs. China took exception to India providing refuge for dissident elements from Tibet, and India was indignant at the Chinese frontier claims advanced simultaneously against India in Chou En-lai's letter of January 23, I959.1 The end of the period of Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai (Indians and Chinese are brothers) was approaching, while the Kashmir dispute still estranged Pakistan from India. The new military government in Karachi was anxious to reach a rapprochement with India that had been denied to the civilians, and was prepared to concede joint defence arrangements in return for a settle-

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