Radical Prostatectomy With and Without Neoadjuvant Chemohormonal Pretreatment for High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer: A Comparative Propensity Score Matched Analysis.

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To investigate the clinical outcomes in patients with high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) treated with neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy (NCHT) before radical prostatectomy (RP). Our NCHT protocol involved complete androgen blockade followed by 6 cycles of docetaxel (30 mg/m2) plus estramustine phosphate (560 mg). NCHT was provided to 60 patients with PCa before RP, and we compared the clinical and pathologic outcomes with those of 349 patients with high-risk PCa who underwent RP alone using propensity score matching. The data for those who underwent RP alone were obtained from the Michinoku Japan Urological Cancer Study Group database. In the NCHT group, 10.0% experienced pathologic complete response, 3.3% had positive surgical margins, and 13.3% developed severe complications (Clavien-Dindo grade III or higher) after RP. The median follow-up duration was 42.5 months, and the 5-year biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival was 60.1%. In multivariate analysis, pN+ was an independent prognostic factor for BCR (hazard ratio= 5.251, 95%CI 1.300-21.201; P= .020). In propensity score matching, the BCR rate in the NCHT group was significantly lower than that in the RP alone group (P= .021). In subgroup analyses, the BCR rate in patients with a single high-risk factor was significantly lower in the NCHT group than in the RP-alone group (P= .027). NCHT before RP can reduce the risk of BCR in patients with high-risk PCa, particularly if a single high-risk factor is present. However, the potential for perioperative complications should be considered.