Abstract
Abstract Changing orientations of hydrometeors due to rapidly changing electric fields in thunderstorms were observed by the 11-cm polarimetric Doppler radar that was operated by the Geophysics Directorate of Phillips Laboratory in Sudbury, Massachusetts. The radar transmitted signals of right circular polarization and received signals of right and left circular polarization in a dual-channel receiver. The effects of electric fields at heights of 711 km in thunderstorms appear as differential phase shifts in the propagation medium due to highly oriented ice particles. These effects are evident in rangewise profiles of the cross-covariance amplitude ratio derived from the two received signals. Some of the observations show specific differential phase shifts up to 1.6° km−1 in range intervals of a few kilometers and up to 0.8° km−1 in range intervals up to 18 km with a distinct tendency of increasing phase shift prior to an occurrence of lightning. Many occurrences of lightning were accompanied by sudden i...
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