Racial Differences in Adverse Childhood Experiences: Timing and Patterns.

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Traditional research on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) often retrospectively assesses ACEs and treats ACEs as a composite score, potentially overlooking the distinct effects of specific ACE patterns and their critical timing, which may influence health outcomes differently. It is crucial to explore variations in the patterns and timing of ACE exposure across racial/ethnic groups to improve ACE screening and intervention strategies. In 2023, this study analyzed data of the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) initially conducted in 1998. FFCWS sampled children from three racial/ethnic groups (N_Black = 2,587; N_Latine = 1,577; N_White = 770). ACEs were assessed through seven indicators from ages three to 15, including physical and psychological abuse, neglect, witnessing maternal intimate partner violence (IPV), parental depression, separation, and material hardship. Using Longitudinal Latent Class Analysis (LLCA), this research aimed to identify distinctive patterns and timing of ACEs among White, Black, and Latine youth. The analysis revealed a 9-class model applicable to these three racial/ethnic youth groups. Classes combining material hardship with other ACEs and those featuring adolescent abuse were more prevalent among Black and Latine youth. This study also identified a class displaying a temporal pattern, such as early maternal IPV followed by late parental separation. This study highlights the necessity of analyzing diverse class structures and the timing of ACEs across different racial/ethnic groups. Understanding these nuances is vital for developing culturally tailored interventions to reduce health disparities.