Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine 24 h urinary hydration markers in non-Hispanic White (WH) and non-Hispanic Black (BL) males and females. Thirteen males (BL, n = 6; WH, n = 7) and nineteen females (BL, n = 16, WH, n = 3) (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 4 y; height, 169.2 ± 12.2 cm; body mass, 71.3 ± 12.2 kg; body fat, 20.8 ± 9.7%) provided a 24 h urine sample across 7 (n = 13) or 3 (n = 19) consecutive days (148 d total) for assessment of urine volume (UVOL), urine osmolality (UOSM), urine specific gravity (USG), and urine color (UCOL). UVOL was significantly lower in BL (0.85 ± 0.43 L) compared to WH college students (2.03 ± 0.70 L) (p < 0.001). Measures of UOSM, USG, and UCOL, were significantly greater in BL (716 ± 263 mOsm∙kg−1, 1.020 ± 0.007, and 4.2 ± 1.4, respectively) compared to WH college students (473 ± 194 mOsm∙kg−1, 1.013 ± 0.006, 3.0 ± 1.2, and respectively) (p < 0.05). Differences in 24 h urinary hydration measures were not significantly different between males and females (p > 0.05) or between the interaction of sex and race/ethnicity (p > 0.05). Non-Hispanic Black men and women were inadequately hydrated compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Our findings suggest that development of targeted strategies to improve habitual fluid intake and potentially overall health are needed.
Highlights
Water is an essential component for life and is intimately involved in maintaining normal physiologic function throughout the body
Recent cross-sectional surveys have shown that 60% of men and 40% of women do not comply with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations for daily water intake [12], which may alter the long-term health risk profile in persons who habitually consume low volumes of water on a daily basis [13,14]
No significant differences were observed in urine volume (UVOL) (p = 0.113), urine osmolality (UOSM) (p = 0.108), urine specific gravity (USG) (p = 0.166), and urine color (UCOL) (p = 0.466) between weekdays and weekend days (Table 2)
Summary
Water is an essential component for life and is intimately involved in maintaining normal physiologic function throughout the body. The complex and dynamic processes of total body water turnover and fluid regulation vary from person to person making it difficult to define a universal standard for daily adequate water intake [1,2,3]. Increased consumption of water has been associated with a reduced risk of obesity, urinary tract infections, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and a reduction in the incidence of hyperglycemia [5,6,7,8,9,10,11] Despite these benefits, recent cross-sectional surveys have shown that 60% of men and 40% of women do not comply with the EFSA recommendations for daily water intake [12], which may alter the long-term health risk profile in persons who habitually consume low volumes of water on a daily basis [13,14]. 40% of women were found to Nutrients 2020, 12, 1068; doi:10.3390/nu12041068 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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