Abstract
A correlation model developed for the quick-scan estimation of the Higher Heating Value (HHV) based on the ash content from a proximate analysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) is presented in this paper. The correlation was developed using a best subsets regression method with data of biomass samples. EFB were taken directly from the end of the processing line (the process exit after the fruit removal section) in agro-industrial palm oil extraction facilities that are located on the Colombian coast. The correlation is also compared with other published correlations of lignocellulosic biomass. After conducting a statistical analysis from proximate analysis variables expressed in the dry basis for Fixed Carbon (FC), Ash content (Ash), and Volatile Matter (VM), colinearity was identified between Ash - VM - FC, VM – FC, in developed models that show unsatisfactory behavior when these variables are included, indicating that these models are inadequate. Finally, the correlation model for a quick-scan estimation on the dry basis was obtained based on the Ash content from a proximate analysis of EFB (HHV= 0.827Ash + C, with C between 9.97 and 12.4), with a mean absolute error (MEA) lower than 3% and a marginal mean bias error (MBE) of 0.19%, and R2 = 0.8, indicating that the model has an HHV with single input variable predictive capability. This model can be used as a support tool for quick-scan estimation when evaluating the available bioenergy in the processing of EFB using economical and efficient energetic indicators. The minimum and maximum values of HHV obtained for EFB were 13.6 and 21.91 MJ/kg, respectively.
Highlights
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2008), the use of renewable energy is estimated to contribute on the order of 10-14% to the primary world energy demand
In Colombia Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) represent a lignocellulosic biomass generated during the oil extraction process that can be used as raw material for cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose production (Soplah et al, 2009; Gonzalez et al, 2009)
A correlation model was proposed as a quick-scan-estimate of the Higher Heating Value (HHV) of Oil Palm EFB from the statistical evaluation of the proximate analysis data, relating HHV with ash content (Ash) content on dry basis, (HHV= 0.827Ash + C, with C between 9.97 and 12.4) with a predictive capability of R2 = 0.8
Summary
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2008), the use of renewable energy is estimated to contribute on the order of 10-14% to the primary world energy demand. In Colombia Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) represent a lignocellulosic biomass generated during the oil extraction process that can be used as raw material for cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose production (Soplah et al, 2009; Gonzalez et al, 2009). The waste is used for energy diversification process such as ethanol production (Piarpuzán, Quintero & Cardona, 2011), pyrolysis processes (Abdullah & Gerhauser, 2008; Chin & Bakar, 2009; Sukiran, Abdullah, Gerhauser & Sulaiman, 2010; Rozita et al, 2011; Sulaiman & Abdullah, 2011; Wu et al, 2013; Burhennea et al, 2013), gasification processes (Lahijani & Alimuddin, 2011; Mohammed, Salmiaton, Wan, & Mohamad, 2012; Ogi et al, 2013) and applied technology to produce heat and power
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