Abstract
In quantum haplodynamics (QHD) the weak bosons, quarks, and leptons are bound states of fundamental constituents, denoted as haplons. The confinement scale of the associated gauge groupSU(2)his of the order ofΛh≃0.3 TeV. One scalar state has zero haplon number and is the resonance observed at the LHC. In addition, there exist new bound states of haplons with no counterpart in the SM, having a mass of the order of 0.5 TeV up to a few TeV. In particular, a neutral scalar state with haplon number 4 is stable and can provide the dark matter in the universe. The QHD, QCD, and QED couplings can unify at the Planck scale. If this scale changes slowly with cosmic time, all of the fundamental couplings, the masses of the nucleons and of the DM particles, including the cosmological term (or vacuum energy density), will evolve with time. This could explain the dark energy of the universe.
Highlights
The standard model (SM) of strong and electroweak interactions may not be the final theory of the universe
All quantum haplodynamics (QHD) bound states have a form factor, which is of order one only for gauge boson mediated interactions, which are described by the exchange of weak bosons (MW2 ≲ Λ2h)
Using the current value of the Hubble parameter as a reference, H0 = 1.0227h × 10−10 yr−1, where h ≃ 0.70, and the mentioned limit |]| ≲ O(10−3), we find that the time variations of the above parameters are at most of order ≲10−13 yr−1
Summary
The standard model (SM) of strong and electroweak interactions may not be the final theory of the universe. In QHD all of the SM particles (except the photon and the gluons) are bound states of the fundamental constituents called haplons, h, and their antiparticles. The weak gauge bosons are s-wave bound states of left-handed haplons α and β and their antiparticles: W+ = βα, W− = αβ, and. Owing to the SU(2)L × SU(2)R chiral structure of QHD, besides the three observed weak bosons there are vector bosons that are coupled to the right-handed leptons and quarks. We assume that the right-handed confining scale ΛRh is higher so that the masses of the new vector bosons lie well above 1 TeV They might be observed in the new experiments at the LHC. The simplest neutral bound state of the four scalars with haplon number H = 4 is a stable color singlet spinless boson: D = (lRGB). It is stable due to haplon number conservation, which is similar to the conservation of baryon number
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