Abstract
Measuring the spectral properties of an optical frequency comb is among the most fundamental tasks of precision metrology. In contrast to general single-parameter measurement schemes, we demonstrate here single shot multi-parameter estimation of an optical frequency comb at and beyond the standard quantum limit. The mean energy and the central frequency as well as the spectral bandwidth of ultrafast pulses are simultaneously determined with a multi-pixel spectrally resolved (MPSR) apparatus, without changing the photonics architecture. Moreover, using a quantum frequency comb that intrinsically consists of multiple squeezed states in a family of Hermite–Gaussian spectral/temporal modes, the signal-to-noise ratios of the multiple spectral parameters estimation can surpass the standard quantum limit. Combining our multi-pixel detection scheme and the multimode entangled resource could find applications in ultrafast quantum metrology and multimode quantum information processing.
Highlights
Optical frequency combs play a fundamental role in many types of precision measurements[1,2,3], including broadband spectroscopy[4,5], absolute frequency determination with optical clocks[6,7,8,9], and time–distance synchronization[10,11]
The measurement precision and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in these applications arepgffiffiffienerally limited by photon number fluctuations, which scale as N, where N is the number of photons in the beam to be detected[21]
The present work provides a proof of principle for the ability to exceed the standard quantum limit in the measurement of frequency and energy as well as spectral bandwidth fluctuations within an optical frequency comb
Summary
Optical frequency combs play a fundamental role in many types of precision measurements[1,2,3], including broadband spectroscopy[4,5], absolute frequency determination with optical clocks[6,7,8,9], and time–distance synchronization[10,11]. The quantum-limited sensitivity for such measurements is dictated by the noise fluctuations present in a welldefined spectral mode[13,15], and the time and spectral separation has been performed experimentally[16,17]. Engineered squeezed states of light may be utilized to achieve a sensitivity beyond this quantum shot-noise limit[22], which has been widely applied in various measurements, such as laser interferometers[23,24,25,26], squeezing enhanced Raman spectroscopy[27], gravitational wave interferometry[28,29,30,31], optical magnetometry[32,33], laser beam pointing[34,35], biological sensing[36], distributed phase sensing[37], etc
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