Abstract
Vehicular ad hoc network is a kind of mobile ad hoc networks which provides wireless communication between vehicles. In most cases, multi-hop communication is needed, because of the limited range of wireless transmission. The multi-hop communication among nodes strictly relies on the forwarding functionality of intermediate nodes. Due to resource limitation, the intermediate nodes may exhibit selfishness and refuse to bear forwarding tasks for others. In this article, we defined two types of selfish nodes, namely static selfish nodes and dynamic selfish nodes. The impact of the two types of selfish nodes are quantitatively investigated from various aspects including mobilities, proportions, densities, and combinations. We conducted exhaustive simulations on an integrated simulation platform which consists of OMNeT++, SUMO, INET, and Veins. The experimental results indicate that the static selfish nodes have more harmful impacts on the performance of vehicular ad hoc networks in terms of average packet delivery ratios and end-to-end delays. Moreover, the results also imply that the impact of node selfishness should be evaluated by a comprehensive consideration of mobilities, proportions, densities, and combinations of selfish nodes.
Highlights
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is the future direction of the transportation system which aims to provide better services for drivers and riders
In order to assess how the vehicular mobility affects the communication performance of the network with and without selfish nodes, we conduct a pertinent experiment in the Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) scenario
The more selfish nodes are, the worse the network performance is in VANETs
Summary
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is the future direction of the transportation system which aims to provide better services for drivers and riders. Efficient routing protocols in VANETs could provide effective communication among nodes based on fully utilization of the intermediate nodes [4] These routing protocols share a common assumption that all nodes are naturally cooperative in VANETs. In practice, due to the restricted bandwidth and lack of computational resources, it is difficult to ensure every node in the network is altruistic to share out own precious resources to others. Selfish nodes make use of the network to send/receive packets with own interests, but refuse to forward packets for others because of the limited computation and communication resources. They do not have direct intentions to damage other nodes or the whole network. The core functions of the RSU are extending the communication range by relaying information to other RSUs/OBUs, running safety applications to send various accident warnings to other RSUs/OBUs, and providing Internet connectivity to OBUs
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