Quantitative evaluation of movement and strength of the upper limb after transection of the C-7 nerve: is it possible in an animal model?

Abstract

Contralateral C-7 nerve transfer has been used clinically for more than 20 years. The increased interest in studies of transfer effectiveness at different target muscles, posttransfer cocontraction, and brain plasticity has prompted the need for an animal model. In addition to the conventional electrophysiological, histomorphometric, and biomechanical evaluation modalities, quantitative functional and behavioral evaluation will be crucial in applying this kind of model. The aim of this study was to establish a C-7 transection animal model and quantify the changes in upper-limb joint movement and muscle power. A C-7 nerve transection model was created in Sprague-Dawley rats, the brachial plexus of which resembles the human brachial plexus. The impact of C-7 transection on donor limb function-namely, strength, movement, and coordination-was evaluated in 6 rats. Muscle strength (power reported in g) was measured as a grasping task. The active range of motion (ROM; angle reported in degrees ) of the elbow, wrist, and metacarpophalangeal joints was quantified by computerized video motion analysis. Antiresistance coordinated movement (speed reported in seconds) was assessed by the vertical rope-climbing test. These tests were carried out before surgery and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days after C-7 transection. Repeated-measures 1-way analysis of variance was applied for statistical analysis. When the overall probability value was < 0.05, the Dunnett multiple-comparison posttest was used to compare postoperative values with preoperative baseline values. Immediately after C-7 transection, the mean +/- SD grip strength declined from 378.50 +/- 20.55 g to 297.77 +/- 15.04 g. Active elbow extension was impaired, as shown by a significant decrease of the elbow extension angle. The speed of vertical rope climbing was also reduced. Elbow flexion, wrist flexion and extension, and metacarpophalangeal joint flexion and extension were not impaired. Fast recovery of motor function was observed thereafter. Grip strength, range of active elbow extension, and speed of rope climbing returned to baseline values at postoperative Days 4, 8, and 8, respectively. The ROM and muscle strength of the upper limb in rats can be measured quantitatively in studies that simulate clinical situations. Application of these functional evaluation modalities in a C-7 nerve transection rat model confirmed that transection of C-7 causes only temporary functional dysfunction to the donor limb. The results obtained in this animal model mimic those seen in humans who undergo contralateral C-7 nerve harvesting.