Abstract

We implement the higher order gyrokinetic theory developed in Dudkovskaia et al (2023 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 65 045010), reduced to the limit of , where B 0 is the tokamak equilibrium magnetic field, and B ϑ is its poloidal component, in the local gyrokinetic turbulence code, GS2. The principal motivation for this extension is to quantify the importance of neoclassical flows in electromagnetic gyrokinetics, with a particular interest in sharp pressure gradient regions where the bootstrap current becomes dominant. To incorporate neoclassical equilibrium physics, GS2 is coupled to NEO, a multi-species drift kinetic solver. It is found that the regions where microinstabilities are most likely to be influenced by neoclassical equilibrium effects are in a pedestal plasma and a spherical tokamak core plasma.

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