Abstract
Tracking the dynamic morphology of active materials during operation of lithium batteries is essential for identifying causes of performance loss. Digital volume correlation (DVC) is applied to high‐speed operando synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography of a commercial Li/MnO2 primary battery during discharge. Real‐time electrode material displacement is captured in 3D allowing degradation mechanisms such as delamination of the electrode from the current collector and electrode crack formation to be identified. Continuum DVC of consecutive images during discharge is used to quantify local displacements and strains in 3D throughout discharge, facilitating tracking of the progression of swelling due to lithiation within the electrode material in a commercial, spiral‐wound battery during normal operation. Displacement of the rigid current collector and cell materials contribute to severe electrode detachment and crack formation during discharge, which is monitored by a separate DVC approach. Use of time‐lapse X‐ray computed tomography coupled with DVC is thus demonstrated as an effective diagnostic technique to identify causes of performance loss within commercial lithium batteries; this novel approach is expected to guide the development of more effective commercial cell designs.
Highlights
Due to their durability, high specific energy, and high energy density,[1] lithium primary batteries are the most favored energy storage technology for demanding applications where recharging is impractical, e.g., emergency transmitters[2] and safety, military and security devices
Note that the images due to lithiation was determined by comparing the quantity were cropped to 1487 × 1387 × 501 voxel volumes to remove of the grayscale threshold associated with the electrode mateartifacts at the edges of the field of view (FOV) and to isolate the regions of rial before and after discharge
Digital volume correlation (DVC) software has been applied to high speed operando X-ray computed tomography (CT) of commercial primary lithium batteries during discharge
Summary
High specific energy, and high energy density,[1] lithium primary batteries are the most favored energy storage technology for demanding applications where recharging is impractical, e.g., emergency transmitters[2] and safety, military and security devices. Due to their widespread application in missioncritical systems, understanding the safety and reliability of primary battery operation is of significant importance, as highlighted by recent high-profile failure events in the aerospace sector.[2]. Hall Division of Solid Mechanics Lund University 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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