Qualitative Chemical Characterization and Multidirectional Biological Investigation of Leaves and Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae).

Orlando Orlando,Recinella Recinella,Simone Simone,Brunetti Brunetti,Jekő Jekő,Diuzheva Diuzheva,Leone Leone,Picot-Allain Picot-Allain,Cziáky Cziáky,Chiavaroli Chiavaroli,Ferrante Ferrante,Sinan Sinan,Menghini Menghini,Bene Bene,Mahomoodally Mahomoodally,Zengin Zengin

doi:10.3390/antiox8090343

Abstract

Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae) has a long history of use by folk populations for the management of multiple human ailments. Based on the published literature, there has been no attempt to conduct a comparative assessment of the biological activity and the phytochemical profiles of the leaves and stem bark of A. leiocarpus extracted using methanol, ethyl acetate, and water. By high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-ESI-MSn) analysis, quinic, shikimic, gallic, and protocatechuic acids were tentatively identified from all the extracts, while chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic, and dodecanedioic acids were only characterised from the leaves extracts. Additionally, a pharmacological study was carried out to evaluate potential protective effects that are induced by the extracts in rat colon and colon cancer HCT116 cell line. In general, the methanol and water extracts of A. leiocarpus leaves and stem bark showed potent radical scavenging and reducing properties. It was noted that the stem bark extracts were more potent antioxidants as compared to the leaves extracts. The methanol extract of A. leiocarpus leaves showed the highest acetyl (4.68 mg galantamine equivalent/g) and butyryl (4.0 mg galantamine equivalent/g) cholinesterase inhibition. Among ethyl acetate extracts, the pharmacological investigation suggested stem bark ethyl acetate extracts to be the most promising. This extract revealed ability to protect rat colon from lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress, without exerting promoting effects on HCT116 cell line viability and migration. As a conclusion, A. leiocarpus represents a potential source of bioactive compounds in the development of novel therapeutic agents.

Highlights

IntroductionThe leaves of A. leiocarpus are used in the treatment of skin diseases, fever, diarrhoea, malaria, and stomach infections [1]
Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae), known as chewing stick or axlewood tree, has a long history of traditional use for the management of multiple human ailments.The leaves of A. leiocarpus are used in the treatment of skin diseases, fever, diarrhoea, malaria, and stomach infections [1]
Quantitative determination showed that the stem barks extracts of A. leiocarpus possessed significant amounts of phenolics when compared to their respective leaves extracts

Summary

Introduction

The leaves of A. leiocarpus are used in the treatment of skin diseases, fever, diarrhoea, malaria, and stomach infections [1]. A. leiocarpus is used by the Yoruba people in Nigeria to treat bacterial infections and the roots and twigs of the plant are used as chewing sticks for dental hygiene. Various parts of the plant (roots, leaves, stem bark, and twigs) are used in the management of gonorrhoea, cough, wounds, acute respiratory tract infections, stomach infections, fever, tuberculosis, dysentery, giardiasis, malaria, trypanosomiasis, yellow fever, jaundice, and pathogenic microbial infections [2]. The water extract of A. leiocarpus stem bark was recently found to combat erectile dysfunction in paroxetine-induced sexually impaired male Wistar rats [3]. A spontaneous decrease in serum glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats administered with the aqueous extract of A. leiocarpus leaves [4]

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