Abstract
Syzygium aqueum, consisting of various fruit colors, is one of the plants that have been used as traditional medicine. This study aims to evaluate and compare phytochemical, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities and total phenolic content of leaves and stem bark extracts of S. aqueum with pink and red fruits, in order to identify the best extract that can be used as a natural antioxidant. Phytochemical constituents were evaluated qualitatively using chemicals, while cytotoxic activities were identified using the brine shrimp lethality test. Total phenolic content was determined via the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Leaves and stem bark of S. aqueum contained flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids, but the stem bark also contained saponins and alkaloids. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves and stem bark were categorized as very powerful antioxidants to DPPH (IC50 9.71–38.69 μg/mL) and hydrogen peroxide (IC50 16.44–44.02 μg/mL), while hexane extracts were inactive. Methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of leaves and stem bark were categorized as moderately cytotoxic to A. salina larvae (LC50 104.04–440.65 μg/mL). Comparing leaves and stem barks, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of stem bark extracts were higher than those of leaves extracts. Total phenolic content of leaves extracts was higher than that of stem bark extracts where the order of total phenolic content progressed from methanol extracts > ethyl acetate extracts > hexane extracts. Therefore, the stem bark of S. aqueum was identified as the better source of natural antioxidant compared with the leaves.
Highlights
Syzygium aqueum is a plant in which its fruits are favored by many
Various parts of S. aqueum have been utilized in traditional medicine due to the antibiotic activities that are present [1, 2]
Palanisamy et al [3] reported that ethanolic extracts of S. aqueum show tyrosinase inhibitory activities
Summary
Syzygium aqueum (family: Myrtaceae) is a plant in which its fruits are favored by many. It is easy to grow and is usually planted in house yards for its fruits and for protection purposes. Ere are different variations of this plant with the main difference being the shape and color of the fruits. Palanisamy et al [3] reported that ethanolic extracts of S. aqueum show tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Other researchers reported six isolated flavonoid compounds from the ethanolic extracts of this plant, namely 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, myricetin-3-Orhamnoside, europetin-3-O-rhamnoside, phloretin, myrigalone-G, and myrigalone-B [2, 4] with two of these flavonoids (i.e., myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside and europetin-3-Orhamnoside) showing high inhibitory activities as antihyperglycemic agents. Is plant contains terpenoids, tannins, and saponins [2] Other researchers reported six isolated flavonoid compounds from the ethanolic extracts of this plant, namely 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, myricetin-3-Orhamnoside, europetin-3-O-rhamnoside, phloretin, myrigalone-G, and myrigalone-B [2, 4] with two of these flavonoids (i.e., myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside and europetin-3-Orhamnoside) showing high inhibitory activities as antihyperglycemic agents. is plant contains terpenoids, tannins, and saponins [2]
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