Abstract
The total flavonoids in leaves of 12 varieties of Korean mulberry (Morus alba L.) were determined. Seventeen flavonoids were isolated and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–DAD–QTOF/MS). To determine the flavonoid contents, HPLC analysis was performed on these 17 flavonoids. The total flavonoid contents of the 12 varieties of mulberry leaves ranged from 748.5 to 1297.9 mg, with the highest obtained from the Cheong Su variety (1297.9 ± 112.0 mg). Among the 17 flavonoids analyzed, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) and quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) had highest contents in the Cheong Su variety. Furthermore, the Dae Dang Sang variety gave the highest quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) content among the mulberry leaves investigated, at 425.5 ± 45.9 mg. Major flavonols from Dae Dang Sang were detected by UPLC–DAD–QTOF/MS. A total of 17 flavonoid compound peaks were identified in the analysis time range of 5–40 min, all of which were kaempferol and quercetin glycosides. Seven of the 17 compounds identified in mulberry leaves were unknown.
Highlights
Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a deciduous tree that belongs to the genus Morus from the Moraceae family that consists of 10–16 species and is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions globally (Jeong et al 2014)
Seventeen flavonoids were isolated and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–DAD–QTOF/MS)
The total flavonoid contents of the 12 varieties of mulberry leaves ranged from 748.5 to 1297.9 mg, with the highest obtained from the Cheong Su variety (1297.9 ± 112.0 mg)
Summary
Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a deciduous tree that belongs to the genus Morus from the Moraceae family that consists of 10–16 species and is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions globally (Jeong et al 2014). Mulberry has been recognized as a potentially important functional food due to its biologically active compounds, which include flavonoids (anthocyanin, rutin, quercetin, and isoquercitrin), steroids, amino acids, polysaccharides, c-aminobutyric acid (GABA), vitamins, and 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) (Kim et al 2003a, b; Choi and Hwang 2005; Wang et al 2008; Zhang et al 2016). Plants of the genus Morus are known to be rich in flavonoids, including quercetin 3-(6-malonylglucoside), rutin, isoquercitin (Katsube et al 2006), cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and cyanidin 3-glucoside (Chen et al 2006). These compounds are known to have potential antioxidant properties and probable roles in preventing oxidative stressassociated diseases (Haminiuk et al 2012). Several researchers have studied the isolation, identification, and contents of flavonoid components in various mulberry species. Lee et al (2004) reported that the five flavonoid contents for 20 cultivars of mulberry fruits varied from 9.80 to 69.69 mg/100 g (dry weight) through quantitative
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