Abstract
The study involved selection of wetland plant species hyper efficient in removing fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics so that they can be used in a constructed wetland system patented by NEERI, India (European Patent Office (EPO) Pub. No.: WO2004087584) or any other constructed wetland. Phyto removal of these antibiotics at such high concentrations without any toxic effect on the plant species is very useful as incomplete removal of certain antibiotics such as Ciprofloxacin, and Ofloxacin from waste waters is of concern due to their health effects if they do persist in finished waters even at ng/l levels. Five different wetland plant species which were also tested for their efficiency to treat municipal wastewater were used to test their efficiency to scavenge commonly used fluoroquinolone antibiotics (which are not degraded easily) namely Ciprofloxacin, Gemifloxacin mesylate, Ofloxacin and Gatifloxacin from aqueous medium (Hoagland-Arnon solution). EC double beam UV-VIS spectrophotometer was used to obtain lambda max of Ciprofloxacin, Gemifloxacin mesylate, Ofloxacin and Gatifloxacin in Hoagland-Arnon solution. The most efficient plant species for each antibiotic were selected and tested again for confirmation of antibiotic removal efficiency at a high concentration of 50 mg/l of each antibiotic. Taxodium distichum was found to be the most suitable for the removal of Ofloxacin, Gatifloxacin and Ciprofloxacin showing maximum removal of 32 mg/l (on 6th day), 21 mg/l (on 8th day), 32 mg/l (on 9th day), respectively and Canna indica was found to be the most suitable for removal of Gemifloxacin mesylate showing maximum removal of 38 mg/l (on 8th day).
Highlights
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been extensively used for decades for various purposes ranging from personal health, cosmetic reasons to veterinary purposes [1]
The purpose of this study was to select wetland plant species which were able to deal with high concentrations of antibiotics belonging to fluoroquinolone group namely Ciprofloxacin, Gemifloxacin mesylate, Ofloxacin and Gatifloxacin without any toxic effect in terms of adverse effect on their growth and morphology and were able to treat municipal waste water for further using these plants in a constructed wetland system patented by NEERI, India (European Patent Office (EPO) Pub
Pharmaceutical grade fluoroquinolones i.e. Ciprofloxacin (500 mg), Gemifloxacin mesylate (320 mg), Ofloxacin (200 mg) and Gatifloxacin (400 mg) which are widely used in India were used
Summary
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been extensively used for decades for various purposes ranging from personal health, cosmetic reasons to veterinary purposes [1]. They are members of a group of chemicals of emerging concern as increasing evidence suggests their ubiquity in the environment and potential adverse effects on non-target organisms and humans [2,3,4]. The main reason why those pharmaceuticals may become harmful to the environment is that they are designed to affect biological objects They have lipophilicity, which enables them to permeate biomembranes, and stability, which prevents their inactivation. It can be concluded that treatment facilities do not remove drug residue completely
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