Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of atherosclerosis plaque biomarkers to purslane seed consumption and aerobic training in women with T2D. 196 women with T2D were assigned into; (1) placebo (PL), (2) aerobic training+placebo (AT + PL), 3) purslane seeds (PS), aerobic training+purslane seeds (AT + PS). The training program and purslane seeds consumption (2.5 g lunch and 5 g dinner) were carried out for 16 weeks. The components of purslane seed were identified and quantified by GC–MS. Blood samples were withdrawn via venipuncture to examine blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), creatinine, urea, uric acid, NF-κB, GLP1, GLP1R, TIMP-1, MMP2, MMP9, CRP, CST3, and CTSS expressions. Blood glucose, LDL, cholesterol, TG, creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels in the (P), (AT), and (AT + PS) groups were significantly decreased compared to the pre-experimental levels or the placebo group, while HDL, significantly increased. Furthermore, the protein and mRNA levels of NF-κB, TIMP-1, MMP2 &9, CRP, CST3, and CTSS in the (P), (AT), (AT + PS) significantly decreased compared to pre-experimental or the placebo group, while level of GLP1 and GLP1-R increased drastically. Findings suggest that purslane seed consumption alongside exercising could improve atherosclerosis plaque biomarkers through synergistically mechanisms in T2D.
Highlights
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of blood vessels and it is characterized by formation of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries including calcified regions, necrotic cores, inflamed smooth muscle cells, accumulated modified lipids, endothelial cells, leukocytes, and foam cells[7]
The data from the current study showed that 16 weeks of aerobic training or purslane seed consumption ere effective in reduction of markers of inflammations such as NF-κB, C-reactive protein (CRP), CST3, cathepsin S (CTSS), Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 & 9 and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP)-1 in diabetic patients
Our results show that the mRNA levels of NF-κB, CRP, CST3, CTSS, MMP 2, 9 and TIMP-1 increased after intervention
Summary
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of blood vessels and it is characterized by formation of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries including calcified regions, necrotic cores, inflamed smooth muscle cells, accumulated modified lipids, endothelial cells, leukocytes, and foam cells[7]. Consumption of purslane seeds alongside 8 weeks of resistance training by women with T2D, improved indicators associated with liver damage[29], proxidant and antioxidant balance[30] and blood pressure[31]. It prevented exercise-induced oxidative stress[30]. Physical activities such as resistance training promote an increase in lean muscle mass, muscle strength, the basal metabolic rate and sensitivity to insulin in diabetic individuals[32]. Regular exercise is linked to CRP reduction, lipid profile regulation, increase of nitric oxide synthase, improvement in insulin sensitivity, and preservation of beta cell mass. We evaluated the lipid profile as well as traditional biomarkers and other biomarkers related with tissue inflammation and inflammatory response in diabetes patients including MMP 2&9, CRP, cystain C, creatinine, uric acid
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