Purines recognition and quantitative analysis by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Abstract

The common quantification methods of purines, including high-performance liquid chromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, reverse phase ion pair chromatography, and capillary zone electrophoresis, have been used for the analysis of purines. These conventional techniques are limited by long operation times, large sample volumes, requirements for pretreatment and separation processes, or sophisticated, bulky and expensive equipment. Here, we have developed a simple method to prepare a probe for the quantitative analysis of purines using the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method. The SERS probe is a rough Ag wire obtained with simple electrochemical treatment, which is optimized to reach the maximum SERS signal enhancement. The Raman enhancement factor (EF) of Ag wire after roughening can reach ∼106. Under optimized conditions, the rough Ag wire is capable of recognizing four purine bases (namely, guanine, adenine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine) in the range of 10−5 to 10−1 mg/mL with a linear relationship between SERS intensity of signature peak and purine concentration. The recovery rate of each purine base is higher than 80% in the mixture of four purines. The overall method was successfully applied to the monitoring of the level of purines in marketplace beer beverages. The novel wire-based SERS sensor used with portable Raman spectroscopy is prospective in diet safety and personalized point-of-care medical detection.